This report examines the complex dynamics of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) in Malaysia. The country’s dual legal system of Shari’a and civil courts often privileges Islamic law and restricts dissenting interpretations of its principles. Furthermore, the state frequently discriminates against disfavored Muslim groups it views as representing “deviant” or “liberal,” targeting members with bans, raids, and arrests. Authorities continue to actively pursue blasphemy prosecutions for religious expression deemed insulting to Islam, while efforts to elevate moral policing according to the official interpretation of Shari’a have likewise increased state use of coercive tactics such as surveillance, public shaming, and prosecution. Despite these systematic and ongoing challenges, Malaysia’s federal government at times demonstrates some willingness to maintain institutional integrity and constitutional norms rather than to wholly relinquish governance to the control of religious authorities.