As the refugee population increases, including those fleeing religious persecution, more than two-thirds remain in neighboring countries. Cases in South and Southeast Asia, such as Uyghurs in Thailand, Afghans in Pakistan, and the Rohingya in Bangladesh, illustrate the mounting tensions surrounding these vulnerable displaced populations. Despite some states not being signatories to the main international legal instruments protecting refugees, these countries still have obligations to the refugee populations within their borders. Addressing their basic needs can reduce grievances and mitigate the risk of radicalization, which in turn promotes security. This factsheet details states’ legal obligations to protect refugees and provides examples of the conditions and treatment of such refugees across South and Southeast Asia.