Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology (DLT) are reshaping how biological research, data and materials are managed. At the same time, the mechanisms used to implement and demonstrate compliance with the biological weapons prohibition regime rely heavily on national oversight systems that face increasing administrative complexity and uneven capacity across states. Emerging technologies are often discussed as potential sources of risk in the life sciences, but they may also provide tools to strengthen key regime functions. AI and DLT could support more effective laboratory oversight, strengthen export controls on dual-use items, and facilitate national reporting and transparency mechanisms. Their impact will depend on governance choices—including how states manage data integrity, human oversight, interoperability and equitable access to digital capabilities. Used responsibly, these tools could improve record integrity, administrative efficiency and confidence in the peaceful use of biological research.